Network Constructs

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.title[Social Media Network Constructions]

.author[Laila A. Wahedi, PhD]  
.author[Lisa Singh, PhD, Yiqing Ren]

.date[November 29, 2018]
   
.institution[MDI, McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University]

<img style="width:20%"  src="../figures/seal.png">
   
           
           
           
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.footnote[
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.footnote_left[ » Slides at https://wahedi.us under <i>Current Presentation</i> ]
.footnote_right[ Laila A. Wahedi • @lwahedi • law98@georgetown.edu ]

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<div>
	<h1>  Motivation: Why Social Media Data?</h1>
	<div style="width:65%; margin: 0 auto">
		<img style="width:75%"  src="../figures/net_text/observe.png">
		<h2 style="color:black;">Observe Interactions</h2>
	</div>
</div>

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<div>
	<h1 style='color:white'>Motivation: Why Social Media Data?</h1>
	<div style="width:50%; float:left;" >
		<img style="width:70%"  src="../figures/net_text/observe_types.png">
		<h2 style="color:white;">Not All The Same</h2>
	</div>
	<div style="width:50%; float:left;" >
		<img style="width:70%"  src="../figures/net_text/compare.png">
		<h2 style="color:white;">Relation ≠ Social</h2>
	</div>
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<h2 class="header">Types of Network Construction</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">
   
   
<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:85%" src="../figures/net_const/mag_follow.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:85%" src="../figures/net_text/observe_bipartite.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:85%" src="../figures/net_text/observe_content.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Exposure</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Interaction</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Content Similarity</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
</div>

<div style="width:60%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:85%" src="../figures/net_text/observe_author.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:85%" src="../figures/net_const/mag_content.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Homophily</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Non-human Networks</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Exposure Networks</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
<h2 class = "header">Friends, followers, connections, etc</h2>    	
   
<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:85%" src="../figures/net_const/notfriends.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:85%" src="../figures/net_const/watch.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/agency.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Not imply personal relationship</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Greater p(exposure) to content</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Chose to follow (past)</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
</div>

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<h2 class="header">Exposure Networks: Questions</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
<h2 class = "header">Friends, followers, connections, etc</h2>    	
   
<div style="width:100%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/nottrust.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/exposure.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/interactivity.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Not influence of trust</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Diffusion due to exposure</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Structure/ Evolution</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Political Journalists</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%">
<br>
<h3 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; color:white;">Journalists: Curated list from StatSocial, 3 months prior to 2016 election</h3>
<h4 style="text-transform: none; text-align:right; color:white;"> Collaboration with Lisa Singh, Leticia Bode, Ceren Budak, Pamela Davis-Kean, Jonathan Ladd, Zeina Mneimneh, Josh Pasek, Yiqing Ren, and Michael Tragott</h4>

<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#01BAEF; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Friends and Followers</h4>
</div>

<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#01BAEF; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">User Data <br> </h4>
</div>
<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#01BAEF; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Tweets from 3mo prior to election</h4>
</div>
<br>
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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Political Journalists: Followers</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%">
<br>
<div style="height:80%;">
<img style="width:70%;" src="../figures/net_const/followers.png">
</div>
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<h2 class="header">Interaction Networks</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
<h2 class = "header">Interactions between users, and with content</h2>    	
   
<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/like.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/retweet.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/reply.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Likes/ Favs/ Votes</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Reshares</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Replies/ Mentions</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Interaction vs Exposure</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
   
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	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/is_expose.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/future_expose.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:70%" src="../figures/net_const/pipe.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Known Exposure</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Greater <br> P(future exposure)</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Social interactions on exposure structure</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Interaction Networks: Caution</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
<h2 class = "header">Not necessarily...</h2>    	
   
<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/reciprocal.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/bff.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:70%" src="../figures/net_const/agree.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Reciprocal/ Targeted</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Trust/ Friendship</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Agreement/ Disagreement</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Interaction Network: Interpretation</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
   
<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/agency_time.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/social_cost.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/friends.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Choice in Time</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Varying Cost</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Social Interaction</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Political Journalists: Retweet</h2>
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<br>
<div style="width:100%;">
<img style="width:90%;max-height:100%" src="../figures/net_const/retweet_net.png">
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<h2 class="header">Author Similarity:  What?</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">
   
   
   
<div style="width:100%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:50%" src="../figures/net_text/text_mat.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_text/protractor.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:50%" src="../figures/net_text/connection.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="font-size:1em;color:white;">1. Create Author Vectors</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="font-size:1em;color:white;">2. Calculate Distance</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="font-size:1em;color:white;">3. Weighted / Thresholded Network</h3></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan=4> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> </td>
			<td colspan=3 style="text-align:right;">
				<h3 style="color:white;">Relate Authors By Rhetoric</h3>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Author Similarity: What?</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">
   
   
<div style="width:100%;">
	<h3 style="text-align:left; color:white;margin-bottom:0.7em;"> Captures variation in how individuals speak</h3>
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Dialect / Region</h3></div></td>
			<td><div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Education / Profession</h3></div></td>
			<td><div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Ideological Grouping</h3></div></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Age</h3></div></td>
			<td><div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Topic</h3></div></td>
			<td><div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Subculture</h3></div></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
</div>
<div>
	<br><br>
</div>
<div style="width:100%;">
	<h3 style="text-align:left; color:white;margin-bottom:0.7em;"> Depends on Sample Variation</h3>
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:50%;">
				<div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Academic Twitter vs Random Sample</h3></div>
			</td>
			<td style="width:50%;">
				<div class="redbutton"><h3 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">#maga vs<br> #trump</h3></div>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Author Similarity: Why?</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">
   
   
   
<div style="width:100%;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:80%" src="../figures/net_text/media_compare.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:80%" src="../figures/net_text/hats.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:80%" src="../figures/net_text/hats_grp.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="narrow"><h3 style="font-size:1em;letter-spacing:0.01em;color:white;">Subcultures Exposed to Similar Content</h3></td>
			<td class="narrow"><h3 style="font-size:1em;letter-spacing:0.01em;color:white;">Capture Unobserved Similarities</h3></td>
			<td class="narrow"><h3 style="font-size:1em;letter-spacing:0.01em;color:white;">Relationships between Subcultures</h3></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan=3> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan=3 style="text-align:right;"><h3 style="color:white;">Not independent,<br>Even if not social media friends </h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
</div>

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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Author Similarity: Questions</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%">

<h3 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; color:white;">As Dependent Variable</h3>

<div style="width:48%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">What nodal attributes push someone to the edge of a subculture?</h4>
</div>

<div style="width:48%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Is there more homogeneity among the users of different hashtags?</h4>
</div>
<div style="width:48%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">What sort of individuals bridge communities?</h4>
</div>

<div style="width:100%; ">
<h2 style="text-align:left; margin-top:8em; color:white;">As Explanatory Variable</h2>
<div style="width:48%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Is there a relationship between clusters and sub-culture labels?</h4>
</div>
<div style="width:48%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">How do the resulting clusters relate to one another?</h4>
</div>
</div>

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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Author Similarity: Russian Trolls</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%">
<br>
<h3 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; color:white;">Data: ~3M tweets from ~3k known accounts from the Internet Research Agency</h3>
<h4 style="text-transform: none; text-align:right; color:white;"> Released by FiveThirtyEight and <br>The Clemson Social Media Listening Center</h4>

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<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Tweet text and time</h4>
</div>

<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#01BAEF; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Url redirects</h4>
</div>
<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#01BAEF; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Is quote or retweet</h4>
</div>
<br>
<div style="clear: both; float: left; display: block; position: relative; margin-top: 2em">
<h3 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; color:white;display:inline-block;clear:both;">Don't have</h3>
</div>

<div style="clear: both; float: left; display: block; position: relative;width:100%">
<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Friends / Followers</h4>
</div>

<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Retweet user id</h4>
</div>
<div style="width:31%; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px; background-color:#AF002B; float:left">
<h4 style = "color:white; margin:.5em">Interactions</h4>
</div>
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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Russian Trolls</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%">
<br>
<div style="width:100%;">
<img style="width:80%;max-height:100%" src="../figures/net_text/author_similarity_troll.png">
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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Political Journalists</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%"><br>
<center><div style="width:100%; ">
<div style="width:50%;">
<img style="width:30%; margin-bottom:0px; "  src="../figures/net_text/centrality.png">
<h2 style = "color:white;">How Does News Spread Among Journalists?</h2>
</div>
</div></center>
<div style="width:100%; margin-bottom:1em">
<div style="width:48%; float:left; background-color:#AF002B; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px;">
<h4 style = "color:white;">1. Identify bursty ngrams each day for 3 months around election<br>  </h4>
</div>
<div style="width:48%; float:left; background-color:#AF002B; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px;">
<h4 style = "color:white;">2. Construct network: Ex] Tie from A to B if B uses "anti-choice" within an hour after A. </h4>
</div>
</div>
<div style=" float: left; width:100%">

<div style="width:48%; float:left; background-color:#AF002B; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px;">
<h4 style = "color:white; ">3. Compare to follower and retweet networks (Future)</h4>
</div>
<div style="width:48%; float:left; background-color:#AF002B; border: 5px solid #FFFFFF; border-radius: 25px;">
<h4 style = "color:white; ">4. Network model, p(tie_content| tie_follow) (Future)</h4>
</div>
</div>
<p style="color:white"> Work with Lisa Singh, Leticia Bode, Ceren Budak, Pamela Davis-Kean, Jonathan Ladd, Zeina Mneimneh, Josh Pasek, Yiqing Ren, and Michael Tragott</p>

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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Political Journalists</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%">
<br>
<div style="width:100%;">
<img style="width:80%;max-height:100%" src="../figures/net_text/journalist_content.png">
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<h2 class="header">Homophily Network</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
<h2 class="header"> Generalization of Author Similarity </h2>
   
<h2 class="header"> Such as... </h3>
<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/grad.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/address.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/employ.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Same Graduating Class</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Geographic Distance</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Employment History</h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Homophily Network: Why?</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
   
<h2 class="header"> May Indicate... </h3>
<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/friends.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/unobserved_similarity.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/watch.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Unobserved Social Relation</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Unobserved Similarity</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Similar Exposure to External Content</h3></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan=3 style="text-align:right;"><h3 style="color:white;">Not independent,<br>Even if not social media friends </h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Homophily Network: Questions</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">

<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/differences.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/hats_dist.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/attribute_interact.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Is there clustering among attribute sets?</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Observe distribution of attribute values</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">How does attribute closeness affect P(interact)</h3></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan=3 style="text-align:right;"><h3 style="color:white;">Not independent,<br>Even if not social media friends </h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 class="header">Non-Human Networks</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">    
   
   
<h2 class="header">Networks of concepts</h3>
   
<div style="width:65%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:90%" src="../figures/net_const/bipartite_net.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:90%" src="../figures/net_const/projection.png"></td>
			
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Bipartite</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Unipartite</h3></td>
			
		</tr>

</table>
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<h2 class="header" style="float:right"> Map Attribute Space</h2>

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<h2 class="header">Non-Human Networks: Examples</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">

<div style="width:90%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/projection.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/globe.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:100%" src="../figures/net_const/hats_grp.png"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Topics/ Text</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Geographic Area</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Profession</h3></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan=3 style="text-align:right;"><h3 style="color:white;">Not independent,<br>Even if not social media friends </h3></td>
		</tr>
	</table>
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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:white;">Russian Trolls</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%">
<br>
<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; color:white;">What can we learn about how the IRA operated?</h2>

<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; color:white;">How coordinated were the operations?</h2>
<h3 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; color:white;">To what extent do the trolls communicate unified messages? </h3>
<h4 style="text-transform: none; text-align:right; color:white;">If well coordinated, we expect to see groups of trolls <br>promoting similar hashtags.</h4>

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<h2 class="header">Conclusion</h2>
<img src="../figures/line.png" class="underline">

<div style="width:100%; margin: 0 auto;">
	<table>
		<tr>
			<td><img style="width:40%" src="../figures/net_const/context.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:40%" src="../figures/net_const/notfriends.png"></td>
			
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Consider Tie Meaning in Context</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Many Relations, <br>Not All Social</h3></td>
			
		</tr>
				<tr>
			<td><img style="width:40%" src="../figures/net_const/connection.png"></td>
			<td><img style="width:40%" src="../figures/net_const/net_interact.png"></td>
			
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Account for Interdependence</h3></td>
			<td><h3 style="color:white;">Interactions Between Networks</h3></td>
			
		</tr>

</table>
</div>

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<h2 style="text-transform: none; text-align:left; margin-bottom:0px; color:black;">Acknowledgements and Thanks</h2>
<img class="plain" src="../figures/line.png" style="float:left; padding:0;margins:0;margin-bottom:0px; height: 5px; width:76%"><br>
<h4 style = "color:black; ">Work in collaboration with Lisa Singh and the GU Data Lab</h4><br>
<h4 style = "color:black; ">Work funded by Massive Data Institute, at Georgetown University</h4><br>
<h4 style = "color:black; ">Icons made by or adapted from Freepik from www.flaticon.com is licensed by CC 3.0</h4>
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